dos. Content and methods
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
Particularly, new WBQ brings: (A) research with the reputation of fellow member; (B) tape out-of use for the time of the previous times off good and you may water dining, liquids or beverages regarding a partial-decimal restaurants frequency survey (FFQ) regarding 58 foods verified to have quoting time consumption additionally the even more sugar and you can honey that is put in drinks; and (C) estimation out of exercise employing the fresh Around the world Physical activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) , and this ideas duration of exercise from the three hobby levels (severe, modest, light exercise) otherwise inactive criteria. The new IPAQ has been verified in earlier times as a mix-national software to possess tape exercise [20,21,22] and also brightwomen.net Sjekk ut innlegget her to imagine opportunity expenditure.
The energy and you may water posts of submitted delicacies and drinks was reviewed utilizing the Eating plan Studies In addition to (Wadsworth Posting Co Inc., Belmont, California, USA), and that uses composition study on the USDA Federal Nutrient Databases and picked Greek meals (i.age., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yoghurt, lentiles beans soup, numerous Greek pies, souvlaki, overflowing tomatoes) . Considering full times consumption and energy costs, time harmony was examined as well.
Within data, “drinks” refers to fresh fruit fruit juice or manufactured juice 100% in the place of glucose posts, sugar-sweet drinks (SSDs) (fruit nectar with sugar, soft drinks with sugar and effort/isotonic beverages), low calorie soft drinks, teas and organic infusions, dairy (a myriad of dairy, chocolate dairy and you can cocoa take in), milkshake and sherbets, coffee and java drinks, and you can alcoholic drinks (alcohol, wine and all form of alcoholic drinks). “Drink energy intake (DEI)” means time intake away from beverages “full energy consumption (TEI)” in order to energy intake away from the supply and you may “energy consumption off ingredients” to help you time intake from solid and you can water products (e.g., soups). The contribution away from drinks teams in order to overall time intake (data of Malisova ainsi que al. 2013), exhibited while the complete water intake (TWI), we.elizabeth., drinking water off beverages, drinking water, solid and you may liquid dishes so that as take in water intake (DWI), i.age., liquid away from drinks and h2o.
3. Statistical Studies
Answers are shown since imply ± sd with the usually marketed details and median (P25–P75) to the skewed ones. Normality is actually examined by using the probability–opportunities area (P–P area) and you can histograms. Differences between individuals regarding the complete times intake, energy off drinks, opportunity off dishes, energy expenses, time equilibrium, water intake, liquids off h2o and you will beverages, liquid off drinks, liquid away from h2o, liquids of dinners, h2o loss and h2o harmony was in fact examined into independent shot t-take to with the typically delivered details together with Mann-Whittney U-sample to the skewed ones. Similarly, differences between the fresh new four quartiles of energy of products was indeed examined on you to definitely-ways ANOVA F-shot toward usually distributed details and Kruskal-Wallis H Decide to try into skewed ones. Value peak are place on 5%. Correlations between the share from products so you’re able to drinking habits when you look at the family relations so you can times for the winter and you may summer was indeed tested because of the Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients for generally speaking delivered or skewed variables. All the statistical analyses performed playing with PASW Analytics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chi town, IL, USA).